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Bibliography- Northern/Baltic Crusades
Arbusow, Leonid sen. "Die im Deutschen Orden in Livland vertretenen Geschlechter," in: Jahrbuch für
Genealogie, Heraldik und Sphragistik 1899. Mitau 1901, S. 27-136; Nachtrag 1907/8, Mitau 1910, S.
33-64.
Arnold, Udo and Gerhard Bott. 800 Jahre Deutscher Orden. Munich: Bertelsmann, 1990.
Barber, Malcolm, ed. The Military Orders: Fighting for the Faith and Caring for the Sick. Brookfield, Vermont:
Ashgate, 1994.
Barber, Richard. The Knight and Chivalry. Revised Edition. Rochester, NY: The Boydell Press, 1995.
See chapter entitled "The Teutonic Knights" (pages 297-317), which focuses on the order's
activities in the Baltic.
Barraclough, Geoffrey. The Origins of Modern Germany. 3rd ed. Oxford: Blackwell, 1988.
Benninghoven, Friedrich. Der Orden der Schwertbrüder. Köln-Graz: Böhlau, 1965.
Benninghoven, Friedrich. Unter Kreuz und Adler. Der Deutsche Orden im Mittelalter. Berlin, 1990.
Carsten, F. L. (Francis Ludwig). The Origins of Prussia. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1954.
Christiansen, Eric. The Northern Crusades: the Baltic and the Catholic frontier, 1100-1525, London, 1980. 2nd
ed., New York: Penguin, 1998.
Ehlers, Axel. "The Crusade of the Teutonic Knights against Lithuania." Crusade and Conversion on the Baltic
Frontier: 1150-1500. Ed. Alan V. Murray (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2001), 21-44.
Evans, Geoffrey. Tannenberg 1410:1914. London: Hamsh Hamilton, 1970.
Favreau-Lilie, Marie-Louise. "Mission to the heathen in Prussia and Livonia: the attitudes of the religious military
orders toward Christianization," in Christianizing Peoples and Converting Individuals, ed. by Guyda
Armstrong and Ian N. Wood (Turnhout, 2000), pp. 146-54.
Favreau, Marie-Luise. Studien zur Frühgeschichte des Deutschen Ordens. Stuttgart: Ernst Klett Verlag, 1975.
Fischer, Mary. "Biblical Heroes and the Uses of Literature: The Teutonic Order in the Late Thirteenth and Early
Fourteenth Centuries." Crusade and Conversion on the Baltic Frontier: 1150-1500. Ed. Alan V. Murray
(Aldershot: Ashgate, 2001), 261-275.
Fonnesberg-Schmidt, Iben. The Popes and the Baltic Crusades 1147-1254. Brill, 2007.
Forey, Alan. The Military Orders: From the Twelfth to the Early Fourteenth Centuries. London: MacMillan
Education Ltd., 1992.
Forstreuter, Kurt. Der Deutsche Orden am Mittelmeer. Bonn: Verlag Wissenschaftliches Archiv, 1967.
Hellman, Manfred. Das Lettenland im Mittelalter: Studien zur ostbaltischen Frühzeit und lettischen
Stammegeschichte, insbesonders Lettgallens. Münster: Köln & Böhlau, 1954
Housley, Norman. The Later Crusades: From Lyons to Alcazar, 1274-1580. Oxford: Oxford University Press,
1992.
See chapter 11, The Crusade in North-Eastern Europe, 1274-1382, and chapter 12, The End of the
Baltic Crusade, 1382-1562.
Hubatsch, Walther. Quellen zur Geschichte des Deutschen Ordens. Göttingen, Frankfurt, Berlin: "Musterschmidt"
Wissenschaftlicher Verlag, 1954.
Hunyadi, Zsolt; József Laszlovszky. The Crusades and the Military Orders: Expanding the Frontiers of Medieval
Latin Christianity. Budapest: Central European University Press, 2001.
Jensen, Carsten Selch & John H. Lind and Kurt V. Jensen. ”Communicating Crusades and Crusading
Communications in the Baltic Region” in Scandinavian Economic History Review, Vol. 49,2, 2001, p. 5-
25.
Jensen, Carsten Selch. "The nature of the Early Missionary Activities and Crusades in Livonia, 1185-1201" in
Medieval Spirituality in Scandinavia and Europe. A Collection of Essays in Honour of Tore Nyberg.
Odense Universitetsforlag 2001, p. 121-137.
Jensen, Carsten Selch. ”Urban life and the crusades in north Germany and the Baltics in the early 13th century” in
Crusade and Conversion on the Baltic Frontier 1150-1500, ed. Alan V. Murray. (Aldershot: Ashgate
2001), 75-94.
Johnson, Edgar N. "The German Crusade on the Baltic." In A History of the Crusades (Editor in Chief, Kenneth
Meyer Setton) Vol. III The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries. Edited by Harry W. Hazard. 545-85.
Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1969-89.
Kala, Tiina. "The Incorporation of the Northern Baltic Lands into the Western Christian World." Crusade and
Conversion on the Baltic Frontier: 1150-1500. Ed. Alan V. Murray (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2001), 3-20.
Kreem, Juhan. "The Teutonic Order as a Secular Ruler in Livonia: The Priveges and Oath of Reval." Crusade and
Conversion on the Baltic Frontier: 1150-1500. Ed. Alan V. Murray (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2001), 215-232.
Labuda, G. "A Historic Analysis of the German 'Drang Nach Osten.'" Polish Western Affairs, 5 (1964), 221-265.
Lampe, Karl H. Bibliographie des Deutschen Ordens bis 1959. Bonn-Godesberg: Verlag Wissenschaftliches
Archiv, 1975.
Lind, John. "Consequences of the Baltic Crusades in Target Areas: The Case of Karelia." Crusade and Conversion
on the Baltic Frontier: 1150-1500. Ed. Alan V. Murray (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2001), 133-150.
Lindkvist, Thomas. "Crusades and Crusading Ideology in the Political History of Sweden, 1140-1500." Crusade
and Conversion on the Baltic Frontier: 1150-1500. Ed. Alan V. Murray (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2001), 119-
130.
Lotter, Friedrich. "The Crusading Idea and the Conquest of the Region East of the Elbe." In Medieval Frontier
Societies. Edited by Robert Bartlett and Angus McKay. 266-306. Oxford: Clarendon, 1990.
Matuzova, Vera I. "Mental Frontiers: Prussians as Seen by Peter von Dusburg." Crusade and Conversion on the
Baltic Frontier: 1150-1500. Ed. Alan V. Murray (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2001), 253-259.
Mazeika, Rasa. "Granting Power to the Enemy Gods in the Chronicles of the Baltic Crusades." Medieval
Frontiers: Concepts and Practices. Eds. Abulafia, David and Berend, Nora. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2002.
Mazeika, Rasa. "’Nowhere Was the Fragility of Their Sex Apparent’: Women Warriors in the Baltic Crusade
Chronicles." From Clermont to Jerusalem: The Crusades and Crusader Societies, 1095-1500. Ed. Alan V.
Murray. Turnhout: Brepols, 1998.
Mazeika, Rasa. “Of Cabbages and Knights: Trade and Trade Treaties with the Infidel on the Northern Frontier,
1200-1340." Journal of Medieval History 20:1 (1994): 63-76.
Mazeika, Rasa. "When Crusader and Pagan Agree: Conversion as a Point of Honour in the Baptism of King
Mindaugas of Lithuania (c. 1240-63)." Crusade and Conversion on the Baltic Frontier: 1150-1500. Ed.
Alan V. Murray (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2001),
Murray, Alan V. Ed. Crusade and Conversion on the Baltic Frontier: 1150-1500. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2001.
Murray, Alan V. "The Structure, Genre, and Intended Audience of the Livonian Rhymed Chronicle." Crusade and
Conversion on the Baltic Frontier: 1150-1500. Ed. Alan V. Murray (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2001), 235-251.
Nazarova, Evgeniya L. "The Crusades against Votians and Izhorians in the Thirteenth Century." Crusade and
Conversion on the Baltic Frontier: 1150-1500. Ed. Alan V. Murray (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2001), 177-196.
Nicholson, Helen. Templars, Hospitallers and Teutonic Knights. Images of the Military Orders, 1128-1291.
Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1993.
Nicolle, David. Lake Peipus 1242: Battle on the Ice. London: Reed International Books, 1996.
Nielsen, Torben K. "The Missionary Man: Archbishop Anders Sunesen and the Baltic Crusade, 1206-21." Crusade
and Conversion on the Baltic Frontier: 1150-1500. Ed. Alan V. Murray (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2001), 95-
117.
Prutz, Hans. Die Geistlichen Ritterorden. Ihre Stellung zur kirchlichen, politischen Entwicklung des Mittelalters.
Berlin: Haude and Spenersche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1908.
Rebane, Peter. Denmark and the Baltic Crusade, 1150 - 1227. unpub. PhD diss., Michigan State University, 1969
Rebane, Peter. "Denmark, the Papacy, and the Christianization of Estonia." Gli inizi del Cristianesimo in Livonia-
Lettonia, ed. A. Weiss, et al. Pontificio comitato di Scienze Storiche, Atti e Documenti (Vatican, 1989-
90).
Rowell, S.C. "A pagan's word: Lithuanian diplomatic procedure 1200-1385." Journal of Medieval History 18
(1992),
Rowell, S.C. Lithuania Ascending. A Pagan Empire within East-Central Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1994.
Schumacher, E. Die Burgen in Preussen und Livland (1962).
Selart, Anti. "Confessional Conflict and Political Co-operation: Livonia and Russia in the Thirteenth Century."
Crusade and Conversion on the Baltic Frontier: 1150-1500. Ed. Alan V. Murray (Aldershot: Ashgate,
2001), 151-176.
Seward, Desmond. The Monks of War: The Military Religious Orders. New York: Penguin Books, 1995.
See chapter entitied ""The Crusades on the Baltic 1200-1560." Some scholars have expressed concerns
about Seward's reliability, so use with caution.
Starnavska, Maria. "Military orders and the beginning of crusades in Prussia," in The Crusades and the Military
Orders. Expanding Frontiers of Medieval Latin Christianity, ed. by Zsolt Hunyadi and József Laszlovszky
(Budapest: Central European University Press, 2001), 417-28.
Tumler, Marian. Der Deutsche Orden im Werden, Wachsen und Wirken bis 1400 mit einem Abriss der Geschichte
des Ordens von 1400 bis zur neuesten Zeit. Vienna: Adolf Holzhausen, 1954.
Unger, Richard W. "The Northern Crusaders: The Logistics of English and other Northern Crusader Fleets."
Logistics of Warfare in the Age of the Crusades. Ed. John H. Pryor. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2006.
Urban, William. "An Historical Overview of the Crusade to Livonia" ORB: The Online Reference Book for
Medieval Studies http://www.the-orb.net/encyclop/religion/crusades/cruurban.html
Urban, William. Tannenberg and After. Chicago: Lithuanian Research and Studies Center, 1999
Urban, William. The Baltic Crusade. Dekalb, 1975; 2d ed. Chicago: Lithuanian Research and Studies Center,
1994.
Urban, William. "The Frontier Thesis and the Baltic Crusade." Crusade and Conversion on the Baltic Frontier:
1150-1500. Ed. Alan V. Murray (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2001), 45-71.
Urban, William. The Livonian Crusade. Washington: Lithuanian Research and Studies Center, 1981.
Urban, William. "The Military Occupation of Semgallia in the Thirteenth Century," Baltic History (Columbus,
Ohio: Ohio State University Press, 1974), 21-34.
Urban, William. "The Organization of the Defense of the Livonian Frontier." Speculum, 48 (July, 1973), 525-32.
Urban, William. The Prussian Crusade. Lanham: Lithuanian Research and Studies Center, 1980.
Urban, William. The Samogitian Crusade. Chicago: Lithuanian Research and Studies Center, 1989.
Urban, William. "The Teutonic Knights and Baltic Chivalry." The Historian 56:3 (1994): 519-530.
Urban, William. "Victims of the Baltic Crusade." Journal of Baltic Studies, 29:3 (Fall 1998), 195-212
Wippermann, W. Der Ordensstaat als Idealogie: Das Bild des Deutschen Ordens in der deutschen
Geschichtsschreibung und Publizistik. Berlin, 1979.
Wippermann, W. "Die Ostsiedlung in der deutschen Historiographie und Publizistik. Probleme, Methoden und
Grundlinien der Entwicklung bis zum Ersten Weltkrieg" Ed. W. Fritze Germania Slavica, I, Berlin, 1980.